<p class="reg-lead">The January 2027 edition of the International Standard for Results Management, approved on 5 December 2025 and in force from 1 January 2027; it introduced the "Independent Review Expert" process, the application to lift a mandatory provisional suspension, and a rewrite of the Athlete Biological Passport and whereabouts annexes.</p>

<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Approval</td><td><b>5 December 2025</b> — WADA Executive Committee</td></tr>
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2027</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td><b>11 articles</b> in four parts + Annex A (Review of Potential Non-Compliance), Annex B (Whereabouts Failures) and Annex C (Athlete Biological Passport) + Appendix 1 (Definitions)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td>Approved; in force from 1 January 2027 — until that date the previous edition governs</td></tr>
</table>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the International Standard for Results Management?</h2>
<p>The International Standard for Results Management (ISRM) is one of the binding International Standards of the world anti-doping system. It determines the procedure to be followed after an adverse analytical finding arises: initial review, notification, provisional suspension, charge, the right to a fair hearing, notification of the decision and the appeal route. According to the document's introduction, the Standard was approved in 2019 and came into effect in January 2021, and was amended in May 2021.</p>
</div>

<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the January 2027 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from the 2023 edition</span></h2>
<p>This edition was approved by the WADA Executive Committee on <strong>5 December 2025</strong> and applies from <strong>1 January 2027</strong>. The revision is extensive compared with the previous edition: a new article has been added, and the articles on provisional suspension, notification and hearings, together with two annexes, have been rewritten.</p>
<h3>Key changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Independent Review Expert (Article 5.5)</b>In the rare cases where, following the initial review of an adverse analytical finding, the Results Management Authority intends to close the case or depart from the ordinary route, it must seek the opinion of the Independent Review Expert (Article 7.8 of the Code). The Expert gives a written opinion within 20 days of receiving the complete file; the authority's decision is thereafter appealable directly to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.</li>
<li><b class="t">Responsibility for results management</b>Article 4.1 is new: jurisdiction over results management is referred to Article 7.1 of the Code, and the commentary to it states that results management must not be delegated to a third-party agent that creates an actual or potential conflict of interest.</li>
<li><b class="t">Notification and admission of the violation</b>In the notice, the athlete must be informed of the possibility of admitting the violation and its consequences, and of providing Substantial Assistance or other valuable information and assistance (Articles 10.7.2 to 10.7.4 of the Code); the deadline for an explanation is set as "short"; and in cases without an adverse analytical finding (Article 5.3), delaying or withholding notification is possible only with WADA's written agreement (5.3.2.4).</li>
<li><b class="t">20-day deadline for the B sample</b>If the athlete and their representative are not available on the alternative dates, or if agreement is not reached on all points within 20 days of the request for analysis of the B sample, the laboratory proceeds with an independent witness (5.1.2.8). The athlete cannot postpone the B sample request by waiting for the laboratory documentation package.</li>
<li><b class="t">Provisional suspension and the application to lift it</b>Article 6 has been rewritten. For a mandatory provisional suspension, before appealing to the Court of Arbitration for Sport the athlete must apply to the Results Management Authority (and, in some systems, to the hearing panel under Article 8) to have it lifted; the optional provisional suspension also has a separate article (6.1.1 to 6.1.2).</li>
<li><b class="t">Charge and hearing</b>The 20-day deadline following the charge now has two routes: admitting the violation with its consequences, or requesting a hearing (7.1). The single hearing before the Court of Arbitration for Sport has been extended to the violation of participating while ineligible as well, and WADA may, if it objects, refer the case back to the authority's first-instance panel (7.6). The hearing panel must consist of one arbitrator or three members, and reasonable accommodations must be made for athletes with a disability; the deadline for issuing the decision is two months, and serious or repeated breach of it may carry a compliance consequence for the authority (8).</li>
<li><b class="t">Annexes B and C</b>In Annex B, the "administrative review" stage for a failure to file or a missed test at the declared location has been removed: the athlete responds to the notice; the recording of a whereabouts failure is not appealable; and every recorded failure is examined again and afresh in the charge under Article 2.4 of the Code. In Annex C, the three-member panel of Athlete Biological Passport experts has become the first expert plus two further experts, and in the absence of consensus the Passport may still be used, together with other evidence, to establish Use.</li>
</ol>
</div>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>This document is the backbone of defence procedure in doping cases. The deadlines, the right to be heard before a provisional suspension, the conditions for a fair hearing and the appeal route are all determined in it, and objections based on non-observance of these are one of the common lines of defence before the Court of Arbitration for Sport. From 1 January 2027, athletes, counsel and Results Management Authorities must attend to such matters as the application to lift a mandatory provisional suspension and the B sample deadlines. The official text is published in English and French, and in the event of any conflict the English text prevails.</p>
</div>

2027 International Standard for Results Management (ISRM) - In Force on 1 January 2027

<p class="reg-lead">The current edition of the International Standard for Education, adopted by the Sixth World Conference on Doping in Sport in Busan on 5 December 2025 and in force from 1 January 2027.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Adopted</td><td><b>5 December 2025</b> — Executive Committee of the World Anti-Doping Agency, Busan Conference</td></tr>
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2027</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>International Standard for Education, 2027 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current edition</strong> — in force from 1 January 2027</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the International Standard for Education?</h2>
<p>The International Standard for Education (ISE) is one of the <strong>mandatory International Standards</strong> of the global anti-doping system. The Standards set out the technical detail of implementing the Code, and compliance with them is mandatory for all Signatories to the Code. This Standard sets out Signatories' obligations in the field of <strong>education and prevention</strong>: education planning, priority audiences and the measurement of effectiveness.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the January 2027 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from 2021</span></h2>
<h3>Key changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Busan Conference revision</b>The first revision of this Standard was adopted at the <strong>Sixth World Conference on Doping in Sport in Busan</strong> on 5 December 2025.</li>
<li><b class="t">Alignment with the 2027 Code</b>It takes effect alongside the <strong>2027 edition of the Code</strong>, in which the place of education within the global programme has been markedly strengthened.</li>
<li><b class="t">Drafted in consultation with stakeholders</b>The text was prepared in consultation with <strong>Signatories, public authorities, athletes and other stakeholders</strong>.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>For national anti-doping organisations and national federations, this document is binding: the absence of a compliant education programme can itself give rise to a compliance case. The text makes clear that <strong>education is a right of the athlete</strong>, not merely a duty of the organisation.</p><p>Each case is governed by the edition of this Standard that was in force at the time of the relevant event; for that reason, earlier editions remain available on this page. The official text is published in English and French, and in the event of a divergence <strong>the English text prevails</strong>.</p>
</div>

2027 International Standard for Education (ISE) - In Force on 1 January 2027

<p class="reg-lead">The 2027 edition of the World Anti-Doping Code, in force from 1 January 2027; it created the office of the Independent Review Expert, placed the consequences of Signatory non-compliance within the Code itself, and appreciably expanded the scope of protection for Protected Persons.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2027</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Published by</td><td>World Anti-Doping Agency — 2027 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>Code, 2027 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current version</strong> — in force from 1 January 2027</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the World Anti-Doping Code?</h2>
<p>The World Anti-Doping Code (WADA Code) is the foundational document of the global anti-doping system: it defines doping violations, sets the burden and standard of proof, enumerates the sanctions and the conditions for their reduction and aggravation, and organises the procedure for results management, hearings and appeals. All international federations, National Olympic Committees and national anti-doping organisations that have accepted it are required to bring their own rules into conformity with it; the International Standards — from the Prohibited List to sample collection, therapeutic use exemptions, results management, education and privacy — set the technical detail of its implementation.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the January 2027 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from 2021</span></h2>
<h3>The most important changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Independent Review Expert</b>A new office, the <strong>Independent Review Expert</strong>, was created, and a category of cases is referred to it for review before proceeding further. This office did not exist in the 2021 edition.</li>
<li><b class="t">Consequences of Signatory non-compliance</b>The <strong>Signatory Consequences</strong> provisions appear in detail in the Code itself for the first time; previously that detail was found only in the International Standard for Code Compliance by Signatories.</li>
<li><b class="t">Expanded protection for Protected Persons</b>References to the <strong>Protected Person</strong> more than doubled compared with the 2021 edition, and the concept spread from the sanctions provisions across the entire text — from sample collection to results management and notification.</li>
<li><b class="t">Strengthened education and whereabouts rules</b>Education, with far more references, became one of the explicit pillars of the global programme, and the rules on athlete <strong>whereabouts</strong> information were also considerably elaborated.</li>
<li><b class="t">Legal foundations made explicit</b>The text emphasises that the Code was drafted <strong>with regard to human rights and the principle of proportionality</strong>, and lists the <strong>rule of law</strong> among the objectives of the global programme.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>Every athlete doping case, in any sport, ultimately comes back to this text; the anti-doping regulations of the international federations are nothing other than the implementation of this Code in that sport. Three points are decisive in the defence: liability in doping is <strong>strict</strong>, and proof of intent or fault is not required; the burden and standard of proof are defined in the Code itself and are not the same as criminal standards; and each case is governed by the edition that was <strong>in force at the time of the violation</strong>, unless a later edition is more favourable to the person charged.</p>
</div>

2027 World Anti-Doping Code - In Force on 1 January 2027

<p class="reg-lead">Olympic Charter, in force as from 24 June 2026 — the fundamental instrument of the Olympic Movement and the source of the authority of the International Olympic Committee.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>In force as from</td><td><b>24 June 2026</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Length</td><td>112 pages</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td>Current edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Editions available</td><td><b>42</b> editions, from 1978 to the present</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>The standing of this document</h2>
<p>Within the Olympic system the Charter serves as a constitution. It opens with the Fundamental Principles of Olympism and then sets out rules governing four things: the International Olympic Committee itself, the International Federations, the National Olympic Committees, and the celebration of the Games. Every other set of regulations in this system derives its validity from the Charter, and for that reason any challenge to the competence or authority of an Olympic body begins with this text.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>The most frequently cited rules</h2>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Rule 41 — Nationality of competitors</b> determines the country for which an athlete may compete and the conditions applying to a change of sporting nationality.</li>
<li><b class="t">Rule 42 — Age limit</b> leaves the age question to the International Federation for each sport.</li>
<li><b class="t">Rule 50 — Advertising, demonstrations, propaganda</b> is the basis of cases concerning the display of political messages at Games venues and restrictions on advertising on athletes' clothing.</li>
<li><b class="t">Rule 61 — Dispute resolution</b> places disputes arising in connection with the Games within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Why the dated edition matters</h2>
<p>The Charter is not a document revised once a year; more than one edition is sometimes issued within a single year — two editions in 2026. The text governing any given case is the edition in force at the time of the events, not the edition of the day.</p>
</div>
<p class="reg-note">Earlier editions, from 1978 to February 2026, are available in this collection.</p>

Olympic Charter – in force as from 24 June 2026

<p class="reg-lead">The current edition, incorporating the revisions approved in December 2025 and in force from 1 April 2026; this is the ninth time the standard has been revised.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Approved</td><td><b>1 December 2025</b> — Executive Committee of the World Anti-Doping Agency</td></tr>
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 April 2026</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>Standard for Testing and Investigations, 2026 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current edition</strong> — in force from 1 April 2026</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the International Standard for Testing and Investigations?</h2>
<p>The International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI) is one of the <strong>mandatory International Standards</strong> of the global anti-doping system. The International Standards set out the technical detail of implementing the Code, and compliance with them is mandatory for all Signatories to the Code. This standard governs the procedure for test distribution planning, notification of the athlete, sample collection, storage and transport of samples, and the gathering of intelligence and the conduct of investigations.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the 2026 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from 2023</span></h2>
<h3>Principal changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">December 2025 revisions</b>This edition incorporates the revisions approved in <strong>December 2025</strong> and takes effect from <strong>1 April 2026</strong>.</li>
<li><b class="t">Ninth revision</b>The text itself states that this is the <strong>ninth</strong> revision of the standard since its first adoption in 2003.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>Procedural challenges to the sample-collection process are among the most common lines of defence in doping cases, and this text is their basis: from the manner of notification and chaperoning of the athlete to the chain of custody of the sample. The rules on <strong>whereabouts information</strong> are also set out in detail in this document.</p><p>Each case is governed by the edition of this standard that was in force at the time of the relevant event; for that reason, earlier editions are kept available on this page. The official text is published in English and French and, in the event of divergence, <strong>the English text prevails</strong>.</p>
</div>

International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI) 2026 (in force)

<p class="reg-lead">The 2026 Prohibited List of substances and methods, in force from 1 January 2026; the document that determines which substances and which methods were prohibited for athletes during this period.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2026</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Publication</td><td>World Anti-Doping Agency — 2026 List</td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>International Standard for the Prohibited List, 2026 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current version</strong> — the List governing from 1 January 2026</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the Prohibited List of substances and methods?</h2>
<p>The Prohibited List of substances and methods is one of the <strong>binding International Standards</strong> of the world anti-doping system and determines which substances and which methods are prohibited. Its structure has three parts: substances prohibited <strong>at all times</strong> (the S categories, together with the M methods), substances prohibited <strong>in-competition only</strong>, and substances prohibited <strong>in particular sports</strong> (category P). Alongside the List sits the <strong>Monitoring Programme</strong>: substances that are under surveillance but are not treated as prohibited. The World Anti-Doping Agency reviews and publishes this List <strong>at least once a year</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the 2026 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from the 2025 edition</span></h2>
<h3>Key changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Scope and structure</b>This List separates three categories: substances and methods prohibited <strong>at all times</strong>, substances prohibited <strong>in-competition only</strong>, and substances prohibited in <strong>particular sports</strong>. Alongside them sits the <strong>Monitoring Programme</strong>, which covers substances under surveillance without their being prohibited.</li>
<li><b class="t">Relationship with the Code</b>This List is published pursuant to the World Anti-Doping Code, and the criteria for a substance's inclusion in it are likewise determined in the Code itself. Use of a substance appearing in this List is an anti-doping rule violation even without an intention to enhance performance, unless a valid <strong>Therapeutic Use Exemption</strong> exists.</li>
</ol>
<div class="reg-note"><strong>Note:</strong> For the differences between this List and the previous year's List, the "Summary of Modifications" document that the World Anti-Doping Agency publishes with each List is the reference.</div>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>In any doping case, the first question is whether the substance detected was prohibited under the List in force <strong>on the date of sample collection</strong> — and because this List changes every year, the answer depends on the version that governed on that day; for that reason previous versions are retained on this page. For the team physician, distinguishing "prohibited at all times" from "prohibited in-competition" and checking the Monitoring Programme is likewise essential before prescribing any medication. The official text is published in English and French, and in the event of any conflict, <strong>the English text prevails</strong>.</p>
</div>

Prohibited List 2026 (in force)

<p class="reg-lead">The current edition of the Code of Sports-related Arbitration, in force as from 1 July 2025; the facsimile was removed from the Code, the time limit for issuing an appeal award was changed from "three months after the transfer of the file" to "no later than four months after the closing of the evidentiary proceedings", and the amount in dispute was added to the criteria for the appointment of a Sole Arbitrator.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>In force as from</td><td><b>1 July 2025</b> — under Article R67</td></tr>
<tr><td>Adopting body</td><td>International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) — under Article S6</td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>26 Statutes articles (S1 to S26) + 44 Procedural Rules articles (R27 to R70)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current edition</strong> — governing proceedings commenced as from 1 July 2025</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the Code of Sports-related Arbitration?</h2>
<p>The Code of Sports-related Arbitration of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) brings two instruments together in a single text: the <strong>Statutes of the Bodies Working for the Settlement of Sports-related Disputes</strong> (Articles S1 to S26), which establish and organise the International Council of Arbitration for Sport and the Court itself, and the <strong>Procedural Rules</strong> (Articles R27 to R70), which govern the ordinary arbitration procedure, the appeal arbitration procedure and mediation. The Court is seated in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its awards may be challenged, subject to the conditions laid down in Swiss law, within thirty days before the Swiss Federal Tribunal only.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the July 2025 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from the February 2023 edition</span></h2>
<h3>Key changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">Time limit for issuing the operative part of an appeal award</b>The most significant practical change for clients. Previously, the operative part of the award had to be communicated <strong>within three months of the transfer of the file to the Panel</strong>, and the President of the Appeals Division could extend that time limit upon a reasoned request from the President of the Panel to four months after the closing of the evidentiary proceedings. The rule is now simple and uniform: the operative part of the award must be communicated to the parties <strong>no later than four months after the closing of the evidentiary proceedings</strong>. The difference lies in the starting point of the calculation; the time limit no longer runs from the moment the file is transferred, but from the end of the evidentiary phase.</li>
<li><b class="t">Removal of the facsimile from the Code</b>References to <strong>facsimile (fax)</strong> have been removed throughout the text. Awards, orders and other decisions are now notified <strong>by courier and/or electronic mail</strong>, correspondence to the Court Office is likewise sent by those same two means, and in the list of contact details of the parties' representatives, "telephone and facsimile numbers" has been reduced to <strong>"telephone number"</strong> alone.</li>
<li><b class="t">Internal clerk alongside the ad hoc clerk</b>The expression "ad hoc clerk" has been changed to <strong>"internal or ad hoc clerk"</strong>; that is, the Court may also appoint a clerk from among its own staff to assist the Panel. The clerk's fees are, as before, included in the arbitration costs.</li>
<li><b class="t">Amount in dispute in the appointment of a Sole Arbitrator</b>In determining whether an appeal case is to be submitted to a three-member Panel or to a Sole Arbitrator, the President of the Division previously assessed only the circumstances of the case, including whether or not the Respondent had paid its share of the costs. The <strong>"amount in dispute"</strong> is now expressly one of the criteria as well.</li>
<li><b class="t">Express duty to expedite the proceedings</b>A new sentence has been added to the Code: <strong>"The Panel shall ensure that the proceedings are conducted expeditiously and efficiently."</strong> This duty is repeated in both the ordinary arbitration procedure and the appeal arbitration procedure.</li>
<li><b class="t">Enforceability of the award from the date of communication of the operative part</b>It is now expressly stated that the award is enforceable <strong>from the date of communication of the operative part</strong> by courier and/or electronic mail; that is, enforcement does not require waiting for the full reasoned text of the award.</li>
<li><b class="t">Binding effect of the procedural calendar agreed by the parties</b>In expedited proceedings, <strong>the time limits and the procedural calendar agreed by the parties are binding on the Court</strong>, provided they have been approved beforehand by the President of the Division or by the Panel.</li>
</ol>
<div class="reg-note"><strong>Scope of the amendments:</strong> the amendments in this edition are limited to Articles R30, R31, R40.3, R44.4, R46, R50, R54, R59, R64.4 and R67.</div>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>Every case that reaches international arbitration from international federations, national Olympic committees or anti-doping organisations ultimately arrives at this text: clubs and federations in transfer disputes and financial claims, athletes facing a disciplinary decision or a doping suspension, and clients and sports lawyers drafting appeal briefs and observing time limits. The point that is decisive in practice: under Article R67, each proceeding is governed by the edition that was in force <strong>on the date the proceeding was commenced</strong>, not by the edition published today. Pending cases likewise remain subject to the previous Code, unless both parties request the application of the new one. For that reason, access to the text of previous editions has practical importance.</p>
</div>

Download the Code 2025, in force as from 1 July 2025

<p class="reg-lead">The current edition of the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information, adopted by the World Conference in Katowice on 7 November 2019 and in force from 1 January 2021.</p>
<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Adoption</td><td><b>7 November 2019</b> — WADA Executive Committee, Katowice Conference</td></tr>
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2021</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Structure</td><td>International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information, 2021 edition</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td><strong>Current edition</strong> — in force from 1 January 2021</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is the International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information?</h2>
<p>The International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information (ISPPPI) is one of the <strong>mandatory International Standards</strong> of the world anti-doping system. The International Standards set out the technical detail for implementing the Code, and compliance with them is mandatory for all Signatories to the Code. This Standard determines how the personal information of athletes and other persons is to be collected, stored, transferred and deleted in the course of anti-doping activities.</p>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>About the 2021 edition<span class="reg-tag">Changes from the 2018 edition</span></h2>
<h3>Key changes from the previous edition</h3>
<ol class="reg-tl">
<li><b class="t">The Katowice revision</b>This edition was adopted at the <strong>World Conference on Doping in Sport in Katowice</strong> and came into force at the same time as the 2021 edition of the Code.</li>
<li><b class="t">Alignment with the 2021 Code</b>The text was aligned with the new concepts of the 2021 Code — including <strong>Protected Person</strong> — which has a direct bearing on how the information of such persons is processed and disclosed.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>In doping cases, a challenge to the manner in which information was collected or disclosed is one of the lines of defence, and its basis is this document. For National Anti-Doping Organisations, the obligations governing the retention and transfer of data are likewise set out in this text.</p><p>Each case is governed by the edition of this Standard that was in force at the time of the event in question; for that reason, the earlier editions are kept available on this page. The official text is published in English and French, and in the event of any conflict, <strong>the English text prevails</strong>.</p>
</div>

International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information — 2021 edition

<p class="reg-lead">Amendments to the Code of Sports-related Arbitration, in force from 1 January 2019 — the full text of the Statutes of the Bodies Working for the Settlement of Sports-related Disputes, namely the International Council of Arbitration for Sport and the Court of Arbitration for Sport.</p>

<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>In force from</td><td><b>1 January 2019</b></td></tr>
<tr><td>Contains</td><td>The full text of the Statutes of the Bodies (Articles <b>S1 to S26</b>) and the amended Articles of the Procedural Rules</td></tr>
<tr><td>Two bodies</td><td>The International Council of Arbitration for Sport (<b>ICAS</b>) and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (<b>CAS</b>)</td></tr>
</table>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What is this document?</h2>
<p>The Code of Sports-related Arbitration has two parts: the Statutes of the Bodies, numbered with the letter S, and the Procedural Rules, numbered with the letter R. The present document contains the full text of the Statutes — Articles S1 to S26 — together with the amendments to the Procedural Rules that entered into force on 1 January 2019.</p>
<p>Article S1 is the starting point and establishes two institutions: the <strong>International Council of Arbitration for Sport</strong>, whose task is to safeguard the independence of the Court and the rights of the parties, and the <strong>Court of Arbitration for Sport</strong>, which resolves sports-related disputes through arbitration and mediation. The subsequent articles determine the composition, powers and working methods of each.</p>
</div>

<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>Amended Articles of the Procedural Rules</h2>
<p>The amendments in this edition concentrate on a number of Articles of the Procedural Rules that are the most frequently applied in practice: <strong>R27</strong> (scope of application), <strong>R34 and R35</strong> (challenge and replacement of an arbitrator), <strong>R43</strong> (confidentiality), <strong>R46</strong> (award), <strong>R57</strong> (the Court's power to review the merits on appeal), <strong>R59</strong> (award in appeal proceedings), and <strong>R64 and R65</strong> (costs of the arbitration).</p>
<p>For a party to proceedings, two provisions matter more than the rest: R57, which allows the Court to examine the case afresh and in full rather than merely to review the first-instance decision; and R64 and R65, which determine who bears the cost of the proceedings — in disciplinary and financial cases, the difference between these two provisions is the difference between low-cost and high-cost proceedings.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>Any athlete, club or federation whose case reaches the Court of Arbitration for Sport, and any lawyer who takes on such a case, must know the text governing at the time the claim is brought. This edition is the text governing cases in 2019, and for later cases the subsequent edition must be ascertained.</p>
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Amendments to the Code of Sports-related Arbitration (2019)

<p class="reg-lead">The UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport, adopted in 2005 — the treaty that enabled States to give the World Anti-Doping Code international legal force.</p>

<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Adoption</td><td><b>2005</b> — UNESCO General Conference</td></tr>
<tr><td>Type of instrument</td><td>Multilateral treaty — binding on States Parties</td></tr>
<tr><td>Authentic texts</td><td>English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese</td></tr>
<tr><td>Relationship to WADA</td><td>The mechanism by which States accept the <b>World Anti-Doping Code</b></td></tr>
</table>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What problem did this Convention solve?</h2>
<p>The World Anti-Doping Code is issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), but WADA is a private body and its Code binds only those who have accepted it — federations and athletes. States remained outside that chain, even though a large part of the practical means of combating doping — border control, pharmaceutical regulation, funding of laboratories and criminal prosecution of trafficking — lies in their hands.</p>
<p>This Convention fills that gap: by acceding to it, a State Party undertakes to give effect to the principles of the Code within its territory, to support the national anti-doping programme, to restrict access to prohibited substances and to develop education and research.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>Connection with the Iranian national system</h2>
<p>Iran's National Anti-Doping Organisation (NADO) and its regulations acquire their meaning within this framework. The chain linking a domestic doping case to the global system is made up of three links: the <strong>World Anti-Doping Code</strong>, issued by WADA; <strong>this Convention</strong>, which binds the State; and the <strong>national regulations</strong>, drawn up by the national organisation on the basis of both.</p>
<p>In practice this means that an objection to the national organisation's procedure is not measured against the domestic text alone; its consistency with WADA's international standards is also a matter for examination.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>For an athlete facing a doping case, this Convention explains why a State body has a role in the process alongside the federation. For sports lawyers, it is the instrument that establishes the State's undertaking to observe the World Anti-Doping Code, and for that reason it can be invoked in defences that rely on international standards.</p>
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International Convention against Doping in Sport (2005)

<p class="reg-lead">The International Convention against Apartheid in Sports, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1985 — the first binding international instrument to make racial discrimination in sport a matter of State obligation.</p>

<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Adoption</td><td><b>10 December 1985</b> — General Assembly of the United Nations</td></tr>
<tr><td>Registration</td><td>3 April 1988 — No. 25822, United Nations Treaty Series</td></tr>
<tr><td>Authentic texts</td><td>Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish</td></tr>
<tr><td>Type of instrument</td><td>Multilateral treaty — binding on States Parties</td></tr>
</table>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What this Convention provides</h2>
<p>The treaty was drafted against the historical background of the South African apartheid system and binds States Parties to refrain from any sporting cooperation with a country practising apartheid. Its obligations are not merely declaratory: they include preventing the dispatch of teams and athletes, refusing to host events, and imposing restrictions on financial and media support for such contacts.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>Why an instrument from 1985 is still read</h2>
<p>The present-day significance of this Convention lies in the system it established, not in the situation to which it responded. It was the first instrument to establish at treaty level that <strong>sport is not a domain outside States' human rights obligations</strong> and that discrimination in sport can be a matter of international responsibility.</p>
<p>It is this same logic that was later repeated in the instruments of the Olympic Movement: the prohibition of discrimination in the Olympic Charter, and the possibility of suspending a National Olympic Committee or a federation that breaches this principle. In contemporary cases concerning the exclusion of an athlete from participation on grounds of nationality or race, this Convention may be cited as normative precedent.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>For the sports law researcher and for counsel working on cases concerning discrimination in sport, this Convention is the historical point of departure. Its text also shows how a State obligation towards an international sporting body takes shape — a mechanism repeated in later instruments, including the Convention against Doping.</p>
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International Convention against Apartheid in Sports (United Nations, 1985)

<p class="reg-lead">The International Charter of Physical Education and Sport, adopted by UNESCO at the twentieth session of the General Conference in Paris on 21 November 1978 — the instrument that first proclaimed sport to be a fundamental right.</p>

<table class="reg-facts">
<tr><td>Adoption</td><td><b>21 November 1978</b> — UNESCO General Conference, Paris</td></tr>
<tr><td>Authority</td><td>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Declared basis</td><td>The Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</td></tr>
</table>

<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>What does this Charter proclaim?</h2>
<p>The preamble makes its link with the foundational human rights instruments explicit: it recalls that in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples proclaimed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and from this concludes that access to physical education and sport must be assured for all.</p>
<p>The Charter does not seek to lay down technical rules; it proclaims principles on which States' sports policy is to be founded: universal access without discrimination, the place of physical education within the educational system, the training of qualified personnel, the provision of facilities and equipment, and support for research.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec hi">
<h2>Sport as a right</h2>
<p>This Charter's principal contribution is the change it worked in the standing of sport in legal discourse. Before it, sport was treated as a matter of cultural or health policy; this instrument placed it among <strong>fundamental rights</strong> and imposed on States the duty to make access possible.</p>
<p>The practical consequence of this framework is that the exclusion of a section of the population — on grounds of sex, disability, or economic and geographical situation — from access to sport is not an administrative shortcoming but a matter that can be raised in the language of rights. The Charter is the foundation on which subsequent UNESCO instruments and sport-for-all programmes have been built.</p>
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<div class="reg-sec">
<h2>Who this document matters to</h2>
<p>For the sports policy-maker, the researcher and the lawyer working on cases concerning access and discrimination, this Charter is a normative basis at the international level — particularly on questions such as the right of women and persons with disabilities to take part in sport.</p>
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International Regulations

International Standard for Results Management

International Standard for Education

World Anti-Doping Code

Olympic Charter

International Standard for Testing and Investigations 2026 (in force)

Prohibited List 2026 (in force)

Download the Code 2025, in force as from 1 July 2025

International Standard for the Protection of Privacy and Personal Information

Amendments to the Code of Sports-related Arbitration

International Convention against Doping in Sport

International Convention against Apartheid in Sports

International Charter of Physical Education and Sport